Causes of Mesothelioma

What causes Mesothelioma and what is it? The way this disease can be avoided is learning about the disease and its causes. For several years people were unaware of what caused mesothelioma but now it is known that every 9 out of 10 cases of mesothelioma are causes due to exposure to asbestos. 

A natural mineral, asbestos is mined from the rocks in several different countries. Construction workers using this mineral in the houses and buildings built and the miners working in the mines extracting it are most likely to be exposed to asbestos. 

Asbestos was used in houses, construction and shipbuilding very commonly before the 1980's. It was then discovered the damage that this mineral can cause releasing tiny fibers which can get lodged into a persons lungs which can lead to cancer. 

The links between asbestos and mesothelioma was first established in the 1960's and in addition to causing possible cancer and lung problems it can also cause problems in the abdomen and the digestive system. 

Examples of jobs where workers are exposed to asbestos include plumbers, electricians, boilermakers, demolition workers, ship builders, and construction workers. Furthermore, people who live with these people or near the areas where these people work may also be at a risk. 

People who were exposed to asbestos can also cause exposure to their families since the fiber gathers on their clothes and bodies and can thus be inhaled by family members. Cases where a person has contracted this disease but has never been exposed to asbestos are very rare. Even though the exact causes in these cases were unknown links were made to radiation exposure in some of the cases. 

The reason why it was so difficult and took so long to discover the reason behind the contraction of this disease is the fact that it takes 20-50 years for symptoms to show and people rarely link the symptoms to something that they did so long ago. Mesothelioma takes time to develop but higher the exposure to asbestos, the more severe the symptoms. 

This disease cannot spread through coughing, eating or drinking after or with another person and is not contagious. You can't contract this cancer if someone you know has it neither is there any research to link smoking to the increased risk of mesothelioma development but once one contracts this disease they will probably be instructed to quit smoking or face worsening their conditions. 

The diagnoses and the treatment for mesothelioma will always be the same, regardless of the causes. Nonetheless, it is advisable for people to try and determine what caused the disease because in some cases of negligence on the part of a third party a law suit may be filed.

Mesothelioma is one of the rarest forms of cancer that affects the Mesothelium layer responsible for protection of internal organs. The incident of mesothelioma has grown over a period. This form of cancer proves to be deadly. The symptoms of mesothelioma are not pronounced and most of the time the disease is detected at later stages leading to death of the victim. Until date there is no permanent cure found. However, radiation, chemotherapy and surgery along with medications are carried, but they only acts as a remedy for fighting symptoms. The treatments prolong death but do not rule it out. In extreme cases, combination of all the treatments is conducted. The detections time varies from 10 years to 50 years. The late detection leads to delay of timely treatment. This may result in survival of victim from anywhere between 2 yrs to 5 years. The sole reason for mesothelioma has been found to be exposure to asbestos. People working in asbestos factories, cement factories dealing with asbestos, or in firms handling asbestos goods are susceptible victims.

A prolonged exposure to the same has been regarded as the prime suspect.However, there have been cases where a short exposure too has lead to mesothelioma. People who are exposed to asbestos passively for example family members of asbestos workers too have found to be suffering from mesothelioma. Washing of asbestos laden clothes and hair of asbestos workers may cause this deadly disease.

There are few categories of workers who are at a greater risk of contracting mesothelioma. They are steel workers, brake mechanics, boilermakers, insulators, ship fitters, pipe fitters, maintenance workers.

Mesothelioma is categorized on the basis of area of exposure. The prime zones of mesothelioma are lungs (pleural mesothelioma), abdomen (peritoneum mesothelioma) and heart (pericardial mesothelioma).
Asbestos penetrates the Mesothelium and constricts the functionality of these organs. However, the symptoms of mesothelioma are usually confused with common illness delaying the detection. Several of the common symptoms are chest pain, abdomen pain, pneumonia, irregular fluttering of heart, constriction of bowel, coughing. 

Asbestos is made of tiny fibers that are resistant like steel and can be woven like cotton. Asbestos is a natural mineral extracted from rocks. The fibers are resistant to heat and chemicals and that is the sole reason for consumption of asbestos for industrial as well as construction purpose. However prolonged exposure leads to ingestion and accumulation of these fibers in the affected areas and finally they coagulate together penetrating the Mesothelium thus leading to mutation of cells. 

This further leads to cancer. The penetration of Mesothelium is responsible for constriction of functionality of the vital organs. Mesothelium releases fluid that is responsible for movement of heart, lungs and stomach. Mesothelioma leads to thickening of fluid further hampering functionality.

Asbestos are generally blue, brown and white. Of all the three blue and brown were rated dangerous and thus their consumption minimized. However, recent studies have professed white asbestos equally dangerous. There are various precautionary measures set by government for fighting this disease.

Basics of Mesothelioma

An abnormality in mesothelioma cells causing them to divide uncontrollably leads to mesothelioma. It can be either non-cancerous or cancerous. It is known as a malignant form of mesothelioma when it is cancerous and when it is non-cancerous it is known as the benign form. These cells end up invading nearby organs as they keep multiplying and usually cause and lot of damage to the patient. If the disease is cancerous, it can spread all over the body. Exposure to asbestos is the most common reason behind this disease and even exposure to a few asbestos fibers can lead to it but most people don't realize that this exposure can lead to mesothelioma since there is a 20-40 year gap between the exposure to the substance and the inception of the disease. People who work at places like shipyards, construction sites and renovation sites are most likely to contract mesothelioma due to constant exposure to asbestos and the asbestos fibers hanging onto their clothes can affect their families causing them to contract the disease as well. Prevention of mesothelioma requires a high level of caution and care. Studies have proven that smokers succumb to mesothelioma much faster than non-smokers which means that a mixture of smoking and asbestos can be twice as dangerous. Breathing problems, shortness of breath and cough are some of the early symptoms of mesothelioma and since these symptoms are so generic many confuse it to be pneumonia or some other disease. To take action against this disease as soon as possible and cure it a vital diagnosis will be required which is vital in helping to cure this disease.

Mesothelioma Asbestos Cancer Symptoms: Refer Many Indications

Mesothelioma is a rare form of cancer that is usually acquired from inhalation of asbestos. Mesothelioma cancer symptoms vary, depending upon which organ is affected. Mesothelioma is a cancer that affects the Mesothelium, a membrane of tissue that surrounds lungs, abdominal and reproductive organs. 

Mesothelioma cancer symptoms can include being short of breath and pain in the chest if the cancer is affecting the tissue surrounding the lungs. Other Mesothelioma cancer symptoms include sudden weight loss and pain in the abdomen as well as swelling if affecting the tissues surrounding the abdominal organs. 

Additional Mesothelioma cancer symptoms that could be signs of abdominal Mesothelioma include fever, anemia and bowel obstruction. Mesothelioma cancer symptoms mirror less serious conditions so it is important not to jump to conclusions. 

Some Mesothelioma cancer symptoms can include trouble breathing or swallowing, swelling of the face, fatigue, sexual problems and a general feeling of being unwell. In most cases, Mesothelioma cancer symptoms do not surface until many years after the person has been exposed to asbestos. In some cases, it can take up to 50 years before the asbestos inhalation affects an individual, if ever. 

Many people who think they have Mesothelioma cancer symptoms find that they have a less serious disease. Mesothelioma is not a common cancer, even in people who have been exposed to asbestos. Because Mesothelioma cancer symptoms are so generalized, some people mistakenly jump to the conclusion that they are sicker than they are. 

If you develop any of the Mesothelioma cancer symptoms, do not panic but see your doctor. Chances are that you do not have this rare form of cancer. Anyone with symptoms of cancer, however, should see their physician to have the disease ruled out of their diagnoses. Most people with symptoms similar to Mesothelioma do not have this rare form of cancer.

Mesothelioma Diagnosing Pictures

Ensuring that you're in proper health requires frequent doctor appointments but exposure to asbestos adds further urgency for such routine appointments since it can cause diseases, which unless detected early enough, may turn fatal. People who work in construction, shipbuilding, manufacturing and other similar industries are most likely to be exposed to asbestos. 

Early symptoms of asbestos related diseases are sometimes mistaken, even by some of the best doctors in the world, as lesser conditions. Associating proper symptoms with proper diagnosis is what detection of mesothelioma mostly relies on. If you think that you've been exposed to asbestos then its best to let your doctor know so they can perform the appropriate tests. 

More often than not, the initial test conducted by a doctor will be Thorascopy. This will be done using a device called Thorascope to check a sample of lung tissue for cancerous cells. The procedure is performed using local anesthesia and usually results in a small amount of pain as an incision is made in the chest to extract a sample of lung tissue. Doctors will drain any amount of excess fluid found in the chests to ease the pressure and reduce the pain. 

If this test turns out to be inconclusive it will be followed up by more advanced tests such as a magnetic resonance imaging scan (MRI) which will take cross-section pictures of internal structures and separate the malignant tissues from the healthy ones or a Computed Axial Tomography (CAT) scan which provides a 3d X-ray image of the tissues to the doctors allowing them to investigate potentially damaged areas. These two tests will provide the doctors with the images required to see the potential dangers way before a patient even feels any symptoms. 

Mesothelioma often escapes diagnoses even if the best screening techniques available today are used. If you're had exposure to asbestos the best thing for you to do is get screened consistently. With medical technology having breakthroughs everyday a cure for mesothelioma won't be far. However, until a cure is found victims of this disease should hold those responsible for this accountable and take actions against them by find themselves a lawyer and taking them to court asking for compensation.

AMD causes: the role of genetics and inflammation

The proportion of genetic factors in disease predisposition for age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is around 70% is estimated [1]. LOC387715-Gen auf dem langen Arm des Chromosoms 10 [2] . In 2005, two major genetic risk variants are identified: a change (Y402H) in the gene for the complement H (CFH) on the long arm of chromosome 1 and another in the so-called LOC387715 gene on the long arm of chromosome 10 [2 ]. As a result, further risk genetic variants found, and significantly again in innate immune system, the complement factor B (BF) and C3. Taking into account the risk variants in CFH, LOC387715 and BF is an approximately 14-fold increased 20-fold or decreased risk for AMD, the makers of all variants and risk of all protective variants in comparison to the average population [3].The involvement of the innate immune system can therefore be considered to be.The complement system consists of a complex system of plasma proteins.The exact consequences of genetic modification are still unklar.Tatsächlich was recently shown that systemic complement in AMD is detectable [4].It follows that the AMD systemic, inflammatory disease seems to be taking the macula one place with the greatest vulnerability is.Interventions for the purpose of prophylaxis or therapy seem risky, because the complement system a central component of the human immune system represents.

Literature:

1. Seddon JM, Cote J, Page WF, Aggen SH, Neale MC.The U.S. twin study of age-related macular degeneration: relative roles of genetic and environmental influences.Arch Ophthalmol.2005; 123 (3) :321-7.

2. Scholl HP, Fleckenstein M, Charbel Issa P, Keilhauer C, Wood FG, Weber BH.An update on the genetics of age-related macular degeneration. Mol Vis.2007; 13:196-205.

3. Despriet DD, Klaver CC, van Duijn CC, Janssens AC.Predictive value of multiple genetic testing for age-related macular degeneration.Arch Ophthalmol.2007; 125 (9) :1270-1.

4. Scholl HP, Charbel Issa P, Wali M, Janzer S, Pollok-Kopp B, Börncke M, Fritsche LG, Chong NV, Fimm R, Wienke D, Wood FG, Weber BH, Oppermann M. Systemic complement activation in age-related macular degeneration.PLoS ONE.2008; 3 (7): e2593.

Importance of the macular pigment

Background: The macular pigment (MP) with respect to the genesis and progression of age-related maculopathy (ARM) a protective role ascribed.Here, both the antioxidant properties of these carotenoids, as well as the filtering effect of the high energy blue light play a role.Since the MP density by the absorption of lutein and zeaxanthin is modifiable, could have a balanced diet and supplementation with lutein and zeaxanthin a potential therapeutic approach for the prevention of ARM's.

Content: In recent years the market of different types of supplements for prevention of ARM (as well as the dry eye) "inundated" by ophthalmologists and is also an expert on this information are expected. The importance of MP in relation to ARM prophylaxis remains, however, remain unclear. The Unit aims to help relevant stakeholders everyday tips and recommendations for discussion with patients geben.Wir know only that the density of the MP with different methods can be easily measured.In many ways it is not only the density of pigment in the macula determined, but also the spatial distribution of MP present. Studies on density measurements of the macular pigment and the spatial distribution are critical in terms of their relevance discussed. Likewise, further modifying factors, such as omega fatty acids, living habits, age, gender, ethnic differences, ocular and systemic diseases explained and discussed.

AMD prophylaxis: What do vitamins and trace

In recent years, in large intervention studies (ARED study) the possibility of progression of early AMD to late AMD visusmindernden investigated. This was the one in the 10-year progression rates for different groups of patients with early AMD by different ARED scores with increasing risk probabilities are correlated (soft drusen per eye score 1, hyperpigmentation score 1 per eye, unilateral late AMD 2 scores, as this rresultiert possibility of an individual score of 0-4, 10-year progression-score data ARED 0 = 1.1%, score 1 = 8.5%, score 2 = 26.8%, score 3 = 54.2%, score 4 = 72.1%). When the scores 2-4, these rates of progression through the ARED-medication, on average, in 10-year to 10%.

This medication is for these high-risk patients, therefore, recommended.Another was in nutrition studies that protective effect of omega-3-fatty acids can be observed.Moreover, even the intake of lutein and zeaxanthin in AMD's protective. This is currently in a further intervention studies (ARED-2) were examined.

NASA and Google Launch Virtual Exploration of the Moon

Forty years ago on July 20, 1969, the world watched as the crew of Apollo 11 took the first steps on the surface of the moon.

To celebrate this historic occasion, NASA and Google announced the launch of the Moon in Google Earth, an interactive, 3D atlas of the moon, viewable with Google Earth 5.0.

The announcement was made during a press conference at the Newseum in Washington, featuring remarks by Apollo 11 astronaut Buzz Aldrin; Alan Eustace, a Google senior vice president; Andrew Chaikin, author and space historian; and Anousheh Ansari, the first female space tourist.

With the Moon in Google Earth, users can explore a virtual moonscape, follow guided tours from astronauts Buzz Aldrin and Jack Schmidt, view high-resolution "street view" style panoramic images and see previously unreleased footage captured from the lunar surface.

Whether rediscovering iconic moments from the history of lunar exploration, or learning about them for the first time, the Moon in Google Earth enables users to better understand the moon and mankind's relationship to it using an immersive, 3D experience.

The result of a close collaboration with NASA, the Moon in Google Earth showcases current and historic content about the moon. All NASA data sets used in the Moon in Google Earth are included on a non-exclusive basis.

"Today's announcement builds on the ongoing relationship with Google that Ames Research Center initiated in November 2006, when we signed a Space Act Agreement to foster collaboration with our Silicon Valley neighbor," said S. Pete Worden, director of NASA's Ames Research Center at Moffett Field, Calif. "We're excited to be a part of this latest chapter in Google's efforts to bring virtual exploration of the moon to anyone with a computer."

In addition to satellite imagery and topographical data, the following layers can be explored:

• Featured Satellite Imagery – Explore overlaid satellite imagery and detailed descriptions of selected areas on the moon from Arizona State University's "Lunar Image of the Week."
• Spacecraft Imagery - View selected imagery captured by the Apollo Metric Camera, and the Clementine and the Lunar Orbiter spacecraft.
• Apollo Missions – Travel back to the Apollo era and discover the landing sites of Apollo missions 11-17. Explore "street view" style panoramic images, watch previously unreleased footage from spacecraft films and read about the places astronauts saw on their trips to the moon.
• Guided Tours – Take a narrated tour of the moon with Apollo astronauts Buzz Aldrin (Apollo 11) and Jack Schmitt (Apollo 17)
• Historic Maps – Explore Apollo-era geologic and topographic maps of the moon.
• Human Artifacts – Learn about the various types of exploratory equipment that humans have left on the moon and where those objects can be found today.

The Moon in Google Earth was jointly developed by Google, the NASA Ames Intelligent Robotics Group, and the SETI Institute as part of NASA's Planetary Content project.

Data sets for the Moon in Google Earth were developed with the assistance of the United States Geologic Survey (USGS), Arizona State University and the Lunar and Planetary Institute. The Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency provided terrain data from the Kaguya orbiter. The initial release does not contain any imagery from the Lunar Reconnaissance Orbiter.

The NASA Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project provided a high-resolution base map and 3D terrain model covering a portion of the nearside lunar equatorial region, which was developed using new digital scans of the Apollo 15 Metric Camera (orbit 33) images made by Arizona State University and NASA's Johnson Space Center in Houston. The NASA Exploration Systems Mission Directorate Analogs Program provided content for the Apollo 17 tour.

Left: View of high-resolution base map and 3D terrain model covering a strip of the nearside lunar equatorial region, which was developed by the NASA Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project using new digital scans of the Apollo 15 Metric Camera.


Left: Entries from the Apollo Lunar Surface journal are embedded as pop-up windows for all Apollo crew traverses. Shown here is an entry from the Apollo 15 mission.



Left: Colored global elevation map based on terrain data from the Kaguya orbiter (Japan Aerospace Exploration Agency).




Left: Global view of Google Moon 3D showing a variety of placemarks containing high-resolution orbital and surface images, historic maps, human artifacts landed on the Moon, and guided tours.




Left: Close up view of Hadley Rille and the Apollo 15 traverse map.






Left: View of the Apollo 15 landing site showing Hadley Rille, Hadley C crater, and the Appenine Mountains. The 3D terrain model and high-resolution imagery (10 m/pixel) were provided by the NASA Lunar Mapping and Modeling Project using new digital scans of the Apollo 15 Metric Camera.

Left: Several dozen "Lunar Image of the Week" images from the Arizona State University and stories are embedded as pop-up windows across the lunar surface.

The interstellar medium

The space between stars in a galaxy is not empty. This is the interstellar medium. It is filled with a gas of very low density. If low in most of the space that this density is lower than that of the vacuum produced in laboratories on Earth. For comparison, the air around us has a density of 1 g per liter (a liter of air weighs 1 gram) or 10 22 molecules per liter. The vacuum in the laboratory corresponds to 10 -13 g per liter, or 1 million molecules per liter. In the interstellar medium density drops to 10 -21 g per liter, or 100 to 1000 atoms per liter. Although the number of particles per volume is low, the weight of the material between the stars is very important, because the distances, and therefore the volume between the stars are enormous. Accordingly, the interstellar medium represents a fraction of the mass of a galaxy which is often higher than with the sum of the masses of all stars.

See below, see this long ago: the light does not move instantaneously in space. It spreads to 300 000 km per second. Thus a particle of light (a photon) radiation at the surface of the sun at 150 million km dishes for 500 seconds to reach us, or 8 minutes and 20 seconds. Thus the sun as there was 8 minutes and 20 seconds. And they say the sun is 8 minutes and 20 seconds the lights of earth. The more we look away and we see the stars as they were in the past. Thus, the star nearest to Earth is about forty thousand billion kilometers or 40 pétamètres. Its light takes 4.22 years to reach us. The Andromeda galaxy, one of our neighboring rocks, is about 24 000 000 000 000 000 000 km or 24 zettamètres. His light is 2.54 million years to reach us. This means that if we see a star born "now" in Andromeda, it is born there are 2.54 million years. If it is very massive, it is highly likely to be already dead in a supernova explosion as we are witnessing its birth. As the universe has a beginning, we can not observe events that took place before it. The age of the universe is estimated at 13.7 billion years, we can not see farther than 13.7 billion light years is our horizon. This does not mean that the universe is not bigger, it simply means that you can not see beyond. It's already a lot, since this corresponds to 130 000 000 000 000 000 000 000 km or 130 yottamètres.

The evolution of galaxies

Herschel will allow us to measure unambiguously the stars born in the universe at every moment of its history, there are 10 billion years to the present day. Herschel will study in detail the composition of the interstellar medium of galaxies, focusing especially on interstellar dust that hides the birth of stars.

The different types of galaxies 

A galaxy is a collection of stars, gas, dust and dark matter. Taken together, the dust and gas form what is called the interstellar medium. There is a wide range of sizes and shapes of galaxies: 

1. Elliptical galaxies, gas poor, who form a fairly regular ellipse. 
   
2. Spiral galaxies, which are made of a hard end filled with a mixture of gas, dust and stars, and a thicker bulb in the center mainly filled with stars. It is in the disk of spiral arms qu'apparaissent more or less numerous and more or less marked. The Milky Way belongs to this category. 
   
3. Irregular galaxies, often small and low-mass gas-rich and-poor stars. 

These categories include the dwarf galaxies. The properties of dwarf galaxies are important because astronomers suggest that the most massive galaxies like ours come from the merger of small galaxies.

The Herschel Space Telescope Opens a first look at the universe

On 14 June 2009, the Herschel space telescope, then located in more than one million kilometers from Earth, was his first look at a galaxy. This image of the universe in the infrared submillimetre with an unprecedented fine resolution, was captured by the camera of the instrument bolometers PACS, designed and conducted by the CEA.

Medical tourism: how to control it?

Seek treatment abroad and enjoy the benefits of another health system is a practice becoming more widespread. In Europe, a proposed directive to regulate this new type of tourism.

Anne Laude

Previously, travel formed the youth today, some give a second. Indeed, journeys are now organized so that travelers receive care abroad. This phenomenon of medical tourism exceeds the requirements of spa treatments, because these are "travel for health care" to avoid long waiting lists, to benefit care prohibited in its country of origin or cheaper . In all cases, patients seeking to take advantage of the existing system of care in another state. Recognizing the problem, the European Commission is trying to legislate. We will see what measures it recommends having outlined the contours of the phenomenon. 

A recent example has made the headlines. On the night of Saturday 6 to Sunday 7 September, a 59-year-old woman gave birth to triplets in a Paris hospital. The mother has received a donation of oocytes in Vietnam. Why go so far? Because in France, oocyte donation is framed by the bioethics laws that impose a voluntary donation, anonymous and free. The recipient must suffer from infertility or pathological risk of transmitting a serious disease to the child. In addition, the couple must be of childbearing age, ie that the mother must be under 40 years. In France, couples wait 6 to 60 months before benefiting from this donation. Thus, going to Vietnam, the mother, on the one hand, benefited from more flexible conditions surrounding the gift, and on the other hand, won a few months.

The concept of tourism, associated with pleasure, therefore significantly changed. Increasingly, tourism is very specific purposes, whether cultural, scientific and medical today. Is not there some irony to involve tourism to something a priori binding?

In any case, the phenomenon is not ...

The Planck satellite, a new era for cosmology

By measuring with an accuracy of temperature fluctuations and polarization of the CMB, the Planck satellite will allow a detailed picture of the first moments and content of the Universe.

Alain Riazuelo

On 16 April, an Ariane-V will carry on board two satellites of the European Space Agency, eagerly awaited by astrophysicists and cosmologists: the Herschel space telescope and the Planck satellite.

With a mirror 3.5 meters in diameter, Herschel will be the largest space telescope ever launched. It will observe the universe in the infrared and submillimetre wavelengths. The Planck satellite, it will be to observe with unprecedented accuracy the CMB, the image of the Fossil Universe. We will provide a clearer picture of the content, origin and evolution of the Universe. Let's see how. 

All astronomers now agree on one point: the universe is expanding. The galaxies are moving away from each other in all directions, even faster than they are distant. If we go back the expansion of this film in reverse, the Universe was denser and hotter in the past. This is the scenario of the Big Bang, which states that the universe came from a state of density and temperature is incredibly high about 13.7 billion years, and has since cooled and diluted at the rate the cosmic expansion. 

Who says hot and dense that light. At the time of the Big Bang, the universe was bathed in intense radiation. Today, that primordial radiation was diluted and cooled by the expansion of the universe, but this "vanished brilliance of the formation of worlds," to quote the Belgian cosmologist Georges Lemaître, still exists in the form of a very cold radiation, called cosmic microwave background. The temperature of the background is now 2.7 degrees Kelvin, or about - 270.5 ° C.

HIV Research

UNESCO is committed to mitigating the impact of the HIV epidemic. The Organization, a founding member of UNAIDS and one of ten co-sponsors, has made the fight against HIV and AIDS one of the spearheads of its priorities, taking the helm of The Global Initiative on Education and HIV / AIDS (EDUCAIDS). 

UNESCO's contribution is interdisciplinary. Initiatives in the fight against HIV and AIDS from the virus and research and scientific knowledge of this. The Organization has a role to play in promoting and support the dissemination of scientific information on: 

the biology of organisms infested in general and more specifically with HIV 
preventing infection treatment and care of those infected, including scientific information on drugs available for therapy basic research in HIV and AIDS and its role in the fight against the pandemic. 

Special activities are conducted in cooperation with experts and other organizations involved in the fight against HIV and AIDS. Contact: Julia Hasler, SC / BES, UNESCO Headquarters j.hasler @ unesco.org 

Partner: 

The World AIDS Research and Prevention was established in January 1993 and is led by Professor Luc Montagnier, head of the team, who discovered the AIDS virus in 1983. The Foundation, an NGO under the umbrella of the UNESCO, has as its main objective to establish a global network of research centers and prevention in order to develop international cooperation and facilitate the transfer of knowledge.

PASADENA, California - Make way Spirit and Opportunity - big daddy is coming! 

The next wheels on the red planet will belong to the Mars Science Laboratory (MSL) - a huge step in how that planet is further poked, probed, and more fully plumbed for new information. 

MSL is a huge chunk of machinery. At liftoff in September 2009, it will carry the largest, most advanced set of instruments for on-the-spot science duties ever dispatched to the martian surface. The nuclear-powered rover is being designed to assess whether Mars ever was, or is still today, an environment able to support microbial life. 

On one hand, MSL closes out an intensive period of surveying Mars ... while setting the stage for an aggressive agenda of future robotic Mars exploration that ultimately leads to the planting of the first footprints on the red planet. 

Chemist on Mars 

"This is a good mission to end the decade on, but also the stepping stone for the next 10 years after that," said MSL Project Manager, Richard Cook, here at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL). "It's kind of a good transition mission." 

Cook said the MSL team now consists of nearly 200 people, with everyone benefiting from years of plotting out the vehicle's design and how best to build and land the mega-rover. "We've looked at a lot of the technical issues and, hopefully, have our arms around a lot of them," he told SPACE.com. 

The still going strong, golf cart-sized Mars Exploration Rovers (MER) - Spirit and Opportunity - have often been characterized as field geologists. 

"MSL is like a chemist on Mars," Cook said. "From a technological point of view, people will be fairly amazed by both the size and the capability of MSL. It will certainly be able to drive circles around MER to a certain extent. Not speed wise. But from how long MSL can go every day ... it will be able to do much more, "he added. 

Single, go-it-alone rover 

The MSL mission, including cost of a launcher, is in the range of $ 1.5 billion, Cook said. Under consideration to boost the Mars Science Laboratory is either the Delta IV or the ATLAS V rocket. 

The primary MSL launch / arrival period is scheduled to extend from September 15 through October 4, 2009. That equates to a rover arrival period at Mars starting on July 10, 2010 and lasting until September 22, 2010. 

Once down on Mars in 2010, MSL is to demonstrate long-range mobility on the surface of the red planet of about 3 to 12 miles (5-20 kilometers) for accomplishing a range of exploration tasks. 

There will be no doubling-up on Mars like Spirit and Opportunity. MSL is a single, go-it-alone rover tipping the scales at about 1,708 pounds (775 kilograms). And that's where the Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter (MRO) - now outbound toward the red planet - will provide a big step up, Cook advised. 

"We're going to be able to learn much more from orbit. And I'm confident that in the end we'll pick out the best MSL landing site. If you only have one to send, you send it to the best place you can on Mars, "Cook said. 

Plutonium-powered 

While the cruise to Mars, as well as descent onto the planet mirrors past missions, the landing part of MSL is new. 

Mars Science Laboratory is to use precision landing techniques, steering itself toward the martian surface similar to the way the space shuttle controls its entry through the Earth's upper atmosphere. In this way, the spacecraft would fly to a desired location above the surface of Mars before deploying its parachute for the final landing. 

Given that capability, the plutonium-powered MSL will land within a 12-mile (20-kilometer) ellipse. NASA is also considering a solar power alternative for the rover that could meet the mission's science and mobility objectives. 

"It's not the same mission with the solar arrays. It would have to be a conscious decision on NASA's part to say we want to change the basic parameters of the mission," Cook said. 

MSL's arrival on Mars will not rely on airbags. 

"While airbags are certainly great they have certain limitations," Cook said, explaining that the future rover package is to be lowered onto Mars via an engine-firing "Sky Crane". This never-flown-before concept will lower the upright and ready-to-roll MSL on a tether to the surface. 

Wringing out the risks 

"Obviously, the entry, decent and landing is a very big challenge. I think we're going down the path ... retiring a lot of the risk in the technology. But there's still the whole validation process ... and still a lot of effort ahead to make that work, "Cook said. 

While putting all your Mars eggs in the one and only MSL basket would appear to the squeamish a risky approach, consider the Cassini at Saturn mission now underway, as well as the one and only Mars Pathfinder project that unloaded the tiny Sojourner rover onto Mars in 1997. 

There's a lot more attention to details, best practices in management style, and a tightening of review processes in spacecraft missions of today, advised Brian Muirhead, JPL's Chief Engineer. For example, MSL's Sky Crane system, he pointed out, has been put through layers of review ... "and it stands up." 

"The thing that impacts all this is the cost. As you provide more rigor to wringing out the risks the cost goes up," Muirhead said. "And nobody should be surprised at that." 

Muirhead told SPACE.com that now underway is a strengthening of the role of engineering across NASA. Outreach beyond JPL to NASA field center expertise is taking place, as well as vice versa, with NASA centers able to request JPL engineering know-how. 

"That's a big win for the whole agency if we can do more of that," Muirhead said. As has been noted over the years, "we're in a one strike and you're out business. That's why everybody has to be paying attention." 

Piecing it together 

At present, MSL project officials don't see any full-up and costly hover tests of the Sky Crane here on Earth. Pieces of the system, like the parachute and Viking-class retro-rocket engines on the Sky Crane framework can be individually tested. "We think we can do a pretty good job of piecing it together," Cook emphasized. 

Along with the "reinvented" Viking-class engines from the 1970s, another big enabler for MSL is a better radar system than what's been flown before. 

On the challenging work agenda, Cook also said, is MSL's state-of-the-art instrument package. 

Two biggies on the tough-to-do list of devices to be toted to Mars on MSL are the Sample Analysis at Mars (SAM) instrument suite that will take up more than half the science payload onboard the wheeled rover. SAM features chemical equipment found in many scientific laboratories on Earth. 

An additional tough assignment is readying MSL's Chemistry & Mineralogy X-Ray Diffraction / X-Ray Fluorescence Instrument (CheMin) that can identify and measure the abundances of various minerals on Mars. 

"Both are super-complicated ... taking very sophisticated lab experiments and compressing them down smaller to fit into a very tight space ... as all rovers tend to be," Cook said. 

Lengthy drives 

Where exactly MSL will be targeted to land on Mars is still-to-be-determined. NASA's en route MRO and its zoom lens scouting camera system will help discern top landing site candidates. 

"The number of interesting places goes up exponentially as you decrease the size of the landing footprint" which MSL will do, Cook said. "They'll be many more places of interest than I suspect scientists can ever hope to really look at in any detail. So they'll have to do some culling out before they come back to us," he said. 

MSL can chalk up several hundred meters of driving a day. While the rover is to be targeted to an initial, sure-to-be-safe touch down locale, its range can permit lengthy drives to exotic spots on Mars in terms of getting to varying types of geologic terrain. 

With Spirit and Opportunity still wheeling and dealing with Mars - each far exceeding their original 90 martian day warranty - what are the expectations for a live long and prosper MSL? 

This hefty rover is being crafted to have a primary mission time of one martian year - or at least 687 Earth days. 

Cook said that testing of rover components is being geared to a two-year mission. "If it lasts for five times that ... I wouldn't be all that shocked. But we certainly don't want to go into it thinking that way," he said.

Spirit and Opportunity Mars will replace the truck

Mars Spirit and Opportunity will replace the "space truck" Mars Science Laboratory, reports Space.com. Mars the new generation will be a standalone chemical laboratory with a nuclear reactor on board, which would be several times larger and heavier than previous wireless devices. At the next planet he was sent to the end of the decade. 

"Space truck" to arrive at Mars during the summer of 2010 to a few months to go from 5 to 20 kilometers and carry out a full analysis of Martian soil. Installed on the search tools allow organic molecules and determine their structure, as well as probe the thick layer of soil in search of water. Using a special laser can be removed with mineral layers that prevent the chemical analysis. In addition, the spacecraft ukomplektuyut "subsidiary" of rockets for the controlled reduction, which did not have the first Mars. 

"Architecture" device remain the same - a platform with the tools on six wheels. In doing so, it will be three times heavier and will cost 1.5 billion dollars. Electricity produced by solar batteries, replace the energy of radioactive decay of plutonium - engineers are going to get rid of the problems with "debris" catch the light of external panels. 

As NASA notes that are involved in the development of apparatus and other space agencies. We know, for example, that Roskosmos to make a neutron detector for sensing soil analogs which are used when searching for anti-personnel mines. 

Where it lands Mars Science Laboratory, scientists still do not know. A suitable site to choose the satellite with the help of Mars Reconnaissance Orbiter, launched to Mars in August 2005. 

The first mobile device on Mars began in 1997, Mars Pathfinder. The next two Mars, Spirit and Opportunity, landed in various spots in the world two years ago. Despite the fact that the planned duration of the mission was only 90 days, they continued to work until now.

NASA and Disney have announced a competition for a name for the new Mars

American Aerospace Agency (NASA) and the studio of Walt Disney have announced a competition for a new name for Mars, which is to go to Mars in 2009. Full details are available at the site of the contest, the winner of which will be known in April 2009. 

Name to Mars will be able to offer students of American schools between the ages of 5 to 18 years. Participants should send their name and a short version of the essay, which will explain why Mars should be called so. The deadline for submission of the essay - 25 January 2009. In March 2009, Internet users will be able to vote for the nine selected by a special commission of names. The final choice will also make the Commission in accordance with the wishes of voters. 

The authors of essays published in the finals competition will receive various prizes, one of which will travel at the Jet Propulsion Laboratory (Jet Propulsion Laboratory - JPL), which is going to Mars. Grand Prix of the competition (aside from the fact that the winning name will be called Mars) - the opportunity to leave your autograph on the board. 

The device, which is called the Mars Science Laboratory, due to be launched to Mars with the help of the launcher Atlas V in autumn 2009. Red Planet Mars will reach the summer of 2010. The unit size of the average SUV-SUV will go on the surface of the planet (including the climb to the hills and down in the lowlands) through a system of six wheels. Planned that it will hold the Red Planet for two years. During this time, Mars, which is a well-equipped mobile laboratory will conduct mineralogical and chemical analysis of Martian soil. One of the objectives of Mars Science Laboratory is the search for organic molecules, which may result from activity of living organisms.

Gas Leak Prevents Space Shuttle Launch Again

CAPE CANAVERAL, Fla. - The space shuttle Endeavour's launch plans were thwarted again early Wednesday when a hydrogen gas leak, the same glitch that stopped the spacecraft from lifting off last week, appeared for a second time.

The potentially dangerous hydrogen gas leak from a vent pipe on Endeavour's external fuel tank forced NASA to stop fueling the shuttle in preparation for its planned launch at 5:40 a.m. EDT (0940 GMT) Wednesday. 

"We did our standard troubleshooting techniques," NASA launch director Mike Leinbach said. Unfortunately, "it never cleaned up."

Endeavour will now have to wait until July before again trying to blast off from Launch Pad 39A here at NASA's Kennedy Space Center on an ambitious construction flight to the International Space Station.

"I'm sure you all know that we postponed again," Endeavour commander Mark Polansky wrote via Twitter. "It's a reminder that spaceflight is NOT routine. We will fly home to Houston this morning."

Gas leak returns

NASA officially called off today's launch attempt at 1:55 a.m. EDT (0555 GMT). The agency was already scrambling to make up for hours of lost time due to stormy weather that delayed the fueling of Endeavour's external tank. The shuttle's seven-astronaut crew had not yet boarded the spacecraft when NASA called off the launch attempt. 

"The team did an outstanding job over these last four days to get to this point," Leinbach said. "It was just a heck of a lot of work that the guys pulled off. I sure wish we could have rewarded them and the astronauts with a launch."

Mission managers had worked furiously earlier this week to swap out the leaky seal between the hydrogen gas vent pipe on Endeavour's external tank in the hopes that it would fix the glitch, which prevented a June 13 launch attempt. The repairs went smoothly, but the persistent leak appeared again today shortly after ground crews began fueling the shuttle's giant orange external tank. 

The leak is about the size of the head of a pen, compared to the 7-inch wide vent pipe, STS-127 shuttle launch director Pete Nickolenko said. "It's really a very small area altogether in which we're trying to chase down a leak," he said

This problem has cropped up before: An almost identical leak halted the launch plans of the space shuttle Discovery's STS-119 mission in March. In that case, the seal swap-out worked, and Discovery was able to launch four days later than planned.

Now mission managers will have to probe more deeply into the root cause of this failure to try to prevent it in the future.

"This business that we're in is not for the faint of heart," NASA deputy shuttle program manager LeRoy Cain said at a post-delay briefing. "There are times when we don't get to go fly and that's fundamentally because it's not easy. Like problems we've had in the past, we'll get past this one as well and move forward."

The glitch appeared after an earlier weather hurdle had finally been cleared. Endeavour's towering orange fuel tank was set to begin filling late Tuesday at 8:15 p.m. EDT (0015 GMT), but NASA had to delay almost three hours because of thunderstorms and lightning near the launch pad that pose a risk of igniting the vehicle's highly flammable liquid hydrogen and liquid oxygen propellants.

The weather cleared just in time for the latest possible start, and fueling began shortly after 11:00 p.m. EDT (0200 GMT). NASA teams appeared to be on track to launch as scheduled despite the lost time until the gas leak resurfaced.

c

Endeavour will stand down until July 11 to allow a pair of unmanned lunar probes to launch from the nearby Cape Canaveral Air Force Station. That launch, which had also been scheduled for Wednesday, was pushed back to give Endeavour a second liftoff opportunity. Now the moon mission will likely try to blast off on Thursday or Friday.

While NASA does expect the delay to cause a ripple down through future flights planned for later this year, the delays should not impact plans to retire the shuttle fleet in 2010 after eight more missions, Cain said. Endeavour's mission is NASA's third of up to five shuttle flights planned for this year.

Endeavour is slated for a busy 16-day mission to the International Space Station to deliver an outdoor research platform for the Japanese Kibo laboratory. Commander Mark Polansky will lead a seven-member crew through five challenging spacewalks and complicated robotic work to install the new lab piece, plus a load of spare supplies for the station. 

The shuttle will also carry a new long-duration crewmember for the space station, NASA astronaut Tim Kopra, who is due to replace current station resident Koichi Wakata of Japan as an Expedition 20 flight engineer.

SPACE.com is providing continuous coverage of STS-127 with reporter Clara Moskowitz at Cape Canaveral and senior editor Tariq Malik in New York. Click here for mission updates and SPACE.com's live NASA TV video feed.

A NASA might not be enough money for research

American Space Agency might not be enough money for new research projects, the magazine New Scientist. Such a conclusion has commission the National Research Council of the United States following the analysis of financial condition of the agency. 

According to the council, the main reason for this situation - a large number of costly space projects that are currently under development. For many of them will need to pay more than five billion dollars. 

The main items of expenditure are called projects telescope James Webb "(James Webb) Mars and the Mars Science Laboratory. The first is a successor to the Hubble, which is scheduled for launch in 2013. The telescope will be located at an unprecedented high (almost 1.5 million kilometers) orbit in one of the Libration Points of the Earth-Sun. 

The second project is a new generation of Mars, scheduled for launch in 2009. Mars Science Laboratory will be three times heavier than the Mars Spirit and Opportunity, which are currently on the Red planet. 

The main item of expenditure, however, remains the program Constellation ( "Constellation"). It developed launchers new generation of "Ares", which will be capable of delivering a human into orbit, and on the Moon. In recent times, showing a large number of reports that the development of missiles facing serious technical difficulties. For example, vibration at the start of a future launch vehicle have been dangerous for the equipment and crew on board. To resolve this problem, engineers decided to establish a special spring.

NASA Mars robbed special status

NASA has decided to cease funding priority Martian missions. To change the policy department said the resource Nature News. From now on projects to explore the Red Planet will compete for funding with other endeavors, American space agency, on equal terms. 

A long time to study the Martian was one of the most important activities of the agency. In particular, NASA has developed a series of relatively "modest" missions as the Mars Scout (This can be translated as "Martian scout"). Probe "Phoenix", which, in particular, managed to get water from the Martian soil, was the first project of Mars Scout. 

In the near future, the American space agency plans to announce a competition of research projects Discovery. The winner will receive 425 million dollars. Compete for the receipt of the money will be able to projects aimed at exploring all planets of the solar system. 

The main reason for the refusal of the Martian lines is the lack of funds. In the future, NASA plans to combine its efforts with the European Space Agency (ESA). In 2016, ESA intends to send to the Red Planet Mars ExoMars. The American Office is about to launch into orbit of Mars probe to analyze the gas composition of the atmosphere. According to NASA, the agency plans to lay down their available means to "pull" both projects. 

In early 2009, NASA moved for an indefinite period the date of launch vehicle for Mars exploration Mars Science Laboratory (MSL). The project cost is technically very well equipped with the probe increased by $ 60 million, and the agency budget does not allow him to finish the construction and testing of MSL in time.

Asynchronous processor

Few people today know that the first Soviet processor (or rather microprocessor section) K587 worked without a clock generator. He was absent at the stage of ideas, that is, the designers did not want problems with noise, etc. As a result, self-invented taktiruemuyu scheme. Actually now remembered that asynchronous processors are more convenient and practical. 

In the Soviet Union, this area was VI Warsaw, the students actively in demand in the west. At the moment I am interested in his article about asynchronous TRIMOSBUS interface. Can anyone get the original Russian version: 
journal "Automation and Computer Science" Volume 19, No 4, p. 83-90, 1985 
Returning to the processor K587, K588 Modification of CMOS is still used by the military. Civilian products with the processor - this administration machines. 

I have requested to respond to the people who ever worked with a series of K588 and can share information. The sponsors K587 (Dshhunyan, Vasenkov and others) have written at one time a couple of books. I did not find them on the Internet, perhaps someone knows where they are in djvu. 

Last edited Alik Sat Feb 18, 2006 20:36:34, edited 1 time in total.

Secret powerful Гипноз

Where would you nebyli, you will always be characterized as a power person. All that you say - will be strictly enforced ... Who else ... ALWAYS! 

Business negotiations, presentations, romantic relationship, phone calls. With a special force, you get the well-being, love and success. 

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Think for yourself. At the dawn of the computer era, all skeptics were certain that no one person is not mentally-grade wants to have a personal computer at home ... Never! Earth round? I do not believe! 

But we know what it is over, is not it? Everything so yaro resisted yesterday's criticism, is widely used in daily life today. 

Put any man to think, feel and act in full accordance with your commands! This is not a miracle! 

This is a science. Serious science and worked in private institutes of technology psihomanipulirovaniya. And most importantly - to learn that everyone can ... 

Use them during a telephone conversation, personal communication, even in the letter, including in electronic communications. 

By mail, with payment upon receipt, you will receive a CD with e-learning courses "Secret Гипноз powerful." 

Proper use of this technique will allow you to subtly subjugate others through their speech and behavior! 
You find almost extrasensory ability to manipulate others. 
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You can control and authority over the people only with your speech, full of hidden hypnotic commands. 
Hypnotic speech techniques - it is carefully chosen words and phrases carefully prepared for, your buddy programmed to take command and act in full compliance with them without the slightest resistance to them.

On frontline of medical science

A conference to mark coming Science Day was held at the Turkmen State Medical Institute. The forum organized by the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan, the Ministry of Education and the administration of the Institute brought together the representatives of public organisations, members of the Galkynysh National Movement, teachers and students of the higher educational institutions, scientists and leading specialists of the healthcare institutions of the country.

The agenda included the priority aspects of development of the national science, in particular medical science and education, training highly qualified specialists to achieve the goals the large-scale educational and scientific reforms initiated by the President of Turkmenistan. 

The conference participants noted that the prudent and well thought-out strategy implemented under the leadership President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was aimed at fundamental modernization of Turkmen science. They emphasized that a scientific basis of the ongoing reforms as well as application of advanced technologies and latest achievements of Turkmen and world science in practice was an essential factor of success of the grandiose changes taking place in the country. In this regard the participants noted that in the epoch of New Revival the pace of development of Turkmen medicine had been considerably accelerated. Today Turkmen science had considerably enhanced its potential through putting medical centres supplied with up-to-date equipment into operation that allowed bringing healthcare research activities up to a higher level meeting world standards. That was illustrated by the Eye Diseases Centre project recently approved by the Turkmen leader. 

The healthcare specialists presented over 140 reports that gave the complete picture of development of different branches of Turkmen science. The discussion focused on further development of medical science, pharmaceutical industry, improvement the quality of medical services, introduction of advanced technologies, methods of disease treatment and prevention and postgraduate training and clinical studies. 

The forum participants expressed deep gratitude to President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov for the unceasing work for the benefit of the Motherland and assured that Turkmen healthcare would spare no effort, knowledge and experience to achieve the great aims of the epoch of Great Revival. 

Upon closing the forum a concert was performed. 

The scientific conferences to mark Science Day are held at the higher educational institutions throughout Turkmenistan.

Dmitriy Ayatskov Congratulated Saratov Scientists on the Russian Science Day

On February 8, the Saratov Region Governor Dmitriy Ayatskov took part in a solemn meeting of the regional scientific community, dedicated to the Russian Science Day. The solemnities were held at the Saratov State University named after NG Chernyshevskiy. According to Dmitriy Ayatskov, the issues concerning Saratov research development were discussed yesterday at the meeting with the Chairman of the RF Government Mikhail Fradkov. The RF Prime Minister promised to consider the proposal of the Saratov Region Governor to establish in the Region one of the largest industrial parks.

For the conscientious work and high proficiency a number of scientists and researchers have been awarded Honor Certificates, valuable prizes and the Badges of Honor "For Love to Native Land" of the Saratov Region Governor. Everybody who wanted could visit an exhibition of innovative developments presented by the Saratov State University scientists in the foyer of the University. Presently, more than 40 research institutions operate in the Region. Three university complexes have become the largest scientific centers, making research in natural, public, applied sciences and humanities.

Dmitriy Ayatskov Congratulated Saratov Scientists on the Russian Science Day

On February 8, the Saratov Region Governor Dmitriy Ayatskov took part in a solemn meeting of the regional scientific community, dedicated to the Russian Science Day. The solemnities were held at the Saratov State University named after NG Chernyshevskiy. According to Dmitriy Ayatskov, the issues concerning Saratov research development were discussed yesterday at the meeting with the Chairman of the RF Government Mikhail Fradkov. The RF Prime Minister promised to consider the proposal of the Saratov Region Governor to establish in the Region one of the largest industrial parks.

For the conscientious work and high proficiency a number of scientists and researchers have been awarded Honor Certificates, valuable prizes and the Badges of Honor "For Love to Native Land" of the Saratov Region Governor. Everybody who wanted could visit an exhibition of innovative developments presented by the Saratov State University scientists in the foyer of the University. Presently, more than 40 research institutions operate in the Region. Three university complexes have become the largest scientific centers, making research in natural, public, applied sciences and humanities.

On frontline of medical science

A conference to mark coming Science Day was held at the Turkmen State Medical Institute. The forum organized by the Ministry of Health and Medical Industry of Turkmenistan, the Ministry of Education and the administration of the Institute brought together the representatives of public organisations, members of the Galkynysh National Movement, teachers and students of the higher educational institutions, scientists and leading specialists of the healthcare institutions of the country. 

The agenda included the priority aspects of development of the national science, in particular medical science and education, training highly qualified specialists to achieve the goals the large-scale educational and scientific reforms initiated by the President of Turkmenistan. 

The conference participants noted that the prudent and well thought-out strategy implemented under the leadership President Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov was aimed at fundamental modernization of Turkmen science. They emphasized that a scientific basis of the ongoing reforms as well as application of advanced technologies and latest achievements of Turkmen and world science in practice was an essential factor of success of the grandiose changes taking place in the country. In this regard the participants noted that in the epoch of New Revival the pace of development of Turkmen medicine had been considerably accelerated. Today Turkmen science had considerably enhanced its potential through putting medical centres supplied with up-to-date equipment into operation that allowed bringing healthcare research activities up to a higher level meeting world standards. That was illustrated by the Eye Diseases Centre project recently approved by the Turkmen leader. 

The healthcare specialists presented over 140 reports that gave the complete picture of development of different branches of Turkmen science. The discussion focused on further development of medical science, pharmaceutical industry, improvement the quality of medical services, introduction of advanced technologies, methods of disease treatment and prevention and postgraduate training and clinical studies. 

The forum participants expressed deep gratitude to President of Turkmenistan Gurbanguly Berdimuhamedov for the unceasing work for the benefit of the Motherland and assured that Turkmen healthcare would spare no effort, knowledge and experience to achieve the great aims of the epoch of Great Revival. 

Upon closing the forum a concert was performed. 

The scientific conferences to mark Science Day are held at the higher educational institutions throughout Turkmenistan.